5/5 Danni.J S. 1 year ago on Google
Şimdiye
kadar
yapılmış
olan
Arkeolojik
kazılarda,
Hewler'deki
kentsel
yaşamın
M.Ö.
6000
yıllarına
tarihlenebileceğini
ve
dünyanın
en
eski
sürekli
yerleşim
yerlerinden
biri
olduğunu
gösteriyor.
The
first
excavations
show
that
urban
life
in
Erbil
can
be
dated
back
to
at
least
6000
BC
and
it
is
one
of
the
oldest
continuously
inhabited
cities
in
the
world.
Erbil
or
Hawler
(Kurdish:,
Hewlêr)
known
in
ancient
history
as
Arbela,
is
the
capital
and
most
populated
city
in
the
Southern
Kurdistan.
It
has
around
1.5
million
inhabitants,
while
Erbil
Governorate
has
2,932,800
inhabitants
as
of
2020.
The
booming
city
of
Erbil
(ancient
Arbela)
in
Kurdistan
encircles
the
ancient
citadel
where
evidence
of
more
than
six
millennia
of
human
habitation
is
just
beginning
to
be
uncovered.
The
100-foot-high,
oval-shaped
citadel
of
Erbil
towers
high
above
the
northern
Mesopotamian
plain,
within
sight
of
the
Zagros
Mountains
that
lead
to
a
widespread
plateau.
The
massive
mound,
with
its
vertiginous
man-made
slope,
built
up
by
its
inhabitants
over
at
least
the
last
6,000
years,
is
the
heart
of
what
may
be
the
world’s
oldest
continuously
occupied
settlement.
At
various
times
over
its
long
history,
the
city
has
been
a
pilgrimage
site
dedicated
to
a
great
goddess,
a
prosperous
trading
center,
a
town
on
the
frontier
of
several
empires,
and
a
rebel
stronghold.
Yet
despite
its
place
as
one
of
the
ancient
Near
East’s
most
significant
cities,
Erbil’s
past
has
been
largely
hidden.
A
dense
concentration
of
nineteenth-
and
twentieth-century
houses
stands
atop
the
mound,
and
these
have
long
prevented
archaeologists
from
exploring
the
city’s
older
layers.
As
a
consequence,
almost
everything
known
about
the
metropolis—called
Arbela
in
antiquity—has
been
cobbled
together
from
a
handful
of
ancient
texts
and
artifacts
unearthed
at
other
sites.
“We
know
Arbela
existed,
but
without
excavating
the
site,
all
else
is
a
hypothesis,”
says
University
of
Cambridge
archaeologist
John
MacGinnis.
Last
year,
for
the
first
time,
major
excavations
began
on
the
north
edge
of
the
enormous
hill,
revealing
the
first
traces
of
the
fabled
city.
Ground-penetrating
radar
recently
detected
two
large
stone
structures
below
the
citadel’s
center
that
may
be
the
remains
of
a
renowned
temple
dedicated
to
Ishtar,
the
goddess
of
love
and
war.
There,
according
to
ancient
texts,
Assyrian
kings
sought
divine
guidance,
and
Alexander
the
Great
assumed
the
title
of
King
of
Asia
in
331
B.C.
Other
new
work
includes
the
search
for
a
massive
fortification
wall
surrounding
the
ancient
lower
town
and
citadel,
excavation
of
an
impressive
tomb
just
north
of
the
citadel
likely
dating
to
the
seventh
century
B.C.,
and
examination
of
what
lies
under
the
modern
city’s
expanding
suburbs.
Taken
together,
these
finds
are
beginning
to
provide
a
more
complete
picture
not
only
of
Arbela’s
own
story,
but
also
of
the
growth
of
the
first
cities,
the
rise
of
the
Assyrian
Empire,
and
the
tenacity
of
an
ethnically
diverse
urban
center
that
has
endured
for
more
than
six
millennia.
Located
on
a
fertile
plain
that
supports
rain-fed
agriculture,
Erbil
and
its
surrounds
have,
for
thousands
of
years,
been
a
regional
breadbasket,
a
natural
gateway
to
the
east,
and
a
key
junction
on
the
road
connecting
the
Gulf
to
the
south
with
Anatolia
to
the
north.
Geography
has
been
both
the
city’s
blessing
and
curse
in
this
perennially
fractious
region.
Inhabitants
fought
repeated
invasions
by
the
soldiers
of
the
Sumerian
capital
of
Ur
4,000
years
ago,
witnessed
three
Roman
emperors
attack
the
Persians,
and
suffered
the
onslaught
of
Genghis
Khan’s
cavalry
in
the
thirteenth
century,
the
cannons
of
eighteenth-century
Afghan
warlords,
and
the
wrath
of
Saddam
Hussein’s
tanks
only
20
years
ago.
Yet,
through
thousands
of
years,
the
city
survived,
and
even
thrived,
while
other
once-great
cities
such
as
Babylon
and
Nineveh
crumbled.
1 person found this review helpful 👍
