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Sultan
Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya
Wa
Ud-Din
(r.
1236–1240),
popularly
known
as
Razia
Sultana,
was
a
ruler
of
the
Delhi
Sultanate
in
the
northern
part
of
the
Indian
subcontinent.
She
was
the
first
female
Muslim
ruler
of
the
subcontinent,
and
the
first
female
Muslim
ruler
of
Delhi.
A
daughter
of
Mamluk
Sultan
Shamsuddin
Iltutmish,
Razia
administered
Delhi
during
1231–1232
when
her
father
was
busy
in
the
Gwalior
campaign.
According
to
a
possibly
apocryphal
legend,
impressed
by
her
performance
during
this
period,
Iltutmish
nominated
Razia
as
his
heir
apparent
after
returning
to
Delhi.
Iltutmish
was
succeeded
by
Razia's
half-brother
Ruknuddin
Firuz,
whose
mother
Shah
Turkan
planned
to
execute
her.
During
a
rebellion
against
Ruknuddin,
Razia
instigated
the
general
public
against
Shah
Turkan,
and
ascended
the
throne
after
Ruknuddin
was
deposed
in
1236.
Razia's
ascension
was
challenged
by
a
section
of
nobles,
some
of
whom
ultimately
joined
her,
while
the
others
were
defeated.
The
Turkic
nobles
who
supported
her
expected
her
to
be
a
figurehead,
but
she
increasingly
asserted
her
power.
This,
combined
with
her
appointments
of
non-Turkic
officers
to
important
posts,
led
to
their
resentment
against
her.
She
was
deposed
by
a
group
of
nobles
in
April
1240,
after
having
ruled
for
less
than
four
years.
She
married
one
of
the
rebels
–
Ikhtiyaruddin
Altunia
–
and
attempted
to
regain
the
throne,
but
was
defeated
by
her
half-brother
and
successor
Muizuddin
Bahram
in
October
that
year,
and
was
killed
shortly
after.
The
grave
of
Razia
is
located
at
Mohalla
Bulbuli
Khana
near
Turkman
Gate
in
Old
Delhi.The
14th
century
traveler
Ibn
Batuta
mentions
that
Razia's
tomb
had
become
a
pilgrimage
centre:a
dome
had
been
built
over
it,
and
people
sought
blessings
from
it.
Razia's
grave
is
said
to
have
been
built
by
her
successor
and
half-brother
Bahram.
Another
grave,
said
to
be
of
her
sister
Shazia,
is
located
beside
her
grave.
Razia
was
a
devotee
of
the
Sufi
saint
Shah
Turkman
Bayabani,
and
the
place
where
she
is
buried
is
said
to
be
his
hospice
(khanqah).
Today,
the
site
is
largely
neglected:
the
Archaeological
Survey
of
India
performs
annual
maintenance
to
it,
but
has
been
unable
to
beautify
it
further
because
it
is
surrounded
by
illegal
construction,
and
is
approachable
only
through
a
narrow,
congested
lane.
In
the
late
20th
century,
the
local
residents
constructed
a
mosque
near
it.
A
ruined
building
in
Kaithal
is
purported
to
be
the
site
of
Razia's
original
grave.
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