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Nalanda (Sanskrit:
नालंंदा ISO: Nālandā, pronounced [naːlən̪d̪aː])
was
an
ancient Mahavihara,
a
revered Buddhist monastery
which
also
served
as
a
renowned
centre
of
learning,
in
the
ancient
kingdom
of Magadha (modern-day Bihar)
in India.[4] The
university
of
Nalanda
obtained
significant
fame,
prestige
and
relevance
during
ancient
times,
and
rose
to
legendary
status
due
to
its
contribution
to
the
emergence
of
India
as
a
great
power
around
the
fourth
century.[5] The
site
is
located
about
95
kilometres
(59 mi)
southeast
of Patna,
and
was
one
of
the
greatest
centres
of
learning
in
the
world
from
the
fifth
century
CE
to c. 1200
CE.[6] Today,
it
is
a UNESCO World
Heritage
Site.
Credit
wekipedia
At
its
peak
the
school
attracted
scholars
and
students
from
near
and
far,
with
some
travelling
from Tibet, China, Korea,
and Central
Asia.[9] The
highly
formalised
methods
of Buddhist studies
helped
the
establishment
of
large
teaching
institutions
such
as Taxila,
Nalanda,
and Vikramashila,[10] which
are
often
characterised
as
India's
early
universities.[11][12][13][14] Archaeological
evidence
also
notes
contact
with
the Shailendra
dynasty of
Indonesia,
one
of
whose
kings
built
a
monastery
in
the
complex.
Nalanda
flourished
under
the
patronage
of
the Gupta
Empire in
the
5th
and
6th
centuries,
and
later
under Harsha,
the
emperor
of Kannauj.[15] The
liberal
cultural
traditions
inherited
from
the
Gupta
age
resulted
in
a
period
of
growth
and
prosperity
until
the
ninth
century
CE.
The
subsequent
centuries
were
a
time
of
gradual
decline,
a
period
during
which
the tantric developments
of
Buddhism
became
most
pronounced
in
eastern
India
under
the Pala
Empire.[16]
Much
of
our
knowledge
of
Nalanda
comes
from
the
writings
of
pilgrim
monks
from
Asia,
such
as Xuanzang and Yijing,
who
travelled
to
the
Mahavihara
in
the
7th
century
CE. Vincent
Smith remarked
that
"a
detailed
history
of
Nalanda
would
be
a
history
of
Mahayanist
Buddhism."
Many
of
the
names
listed
by
Xuanzang
in
his
travelogue
as
alumni
of
Nalanda
are
the
names
of
those
who
developed
the
overall
philosophy
of
Mahayana.[17] All
students
at
Nalanda
studied Mahayana,
as
well
as
the
texts
of
the
eighteen
(Hinayana)
sects
of
Buddhism.
Their
curriculum
also
included
other
subjects,
such
as
the Vedas,
logic,
Sanskrit
grammar,
medicine,
and Samkhya.[10][18][19][20]
Nalanda
was
destroyed
three
times
but
was
rebuilt
only
twice.[21] It
was
ransacked
and
destroyed
by
an
army
of
the Mamluk
Dynasty of
the Delhi
Sultanate under Bakhtiyar
Khalji in c. 1200
CE.[22] While
some
sources
note
that
the
Mahavihara
continued
to
function
in
a
makeshift
fashion
after
this
attack,
it
was
eventually
abandoned
altogether
and
forgotten
until
the
19th
century,
when
the
site
was
surveyed
and
preliminary
excavations
were
conducted
by
the Archaeological
Survey
of
India.
Systematic
excavations
commenced
in
1915,
which
unearthed
eleven
monasteries
and
six
brick
temples
neatly
arranged
on
grounds
12
hectares
(30
acres)
in
area.
A
trove
of
sculptures,
coins,
seals,
and
inscriptions
have
also
been
discovered
in
the
ruins,
many
of
which
are
on
display
in
the
Nalanda
Archaeological
Museum,
situated
nearby.
Nalanda
is
now
a
notable
tourist
destination,
and
a
part
of
the
Buddhist
tourism
circuit.
On
25
November
2010,
the
Indian
government,
through
an
Act
of
Parliament,
resurrected
the
ancient
university
through
the
Nalanda
University
Bill,
and
subsequently
a
new Nalanda
University was
established.
It
has
been
designated
as
an
"International
University
of
National
Importance."
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