5/5 anguis s. 3 years ago on Google
(Translated
by
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The
Parthenon
(Ancient
Greek:
Παρθενών,
Modern
Greek:
Παρθενώνας)
was
built
in
the
5th
century
BC
on
the
Acropolis
of
Athens.
It
was
a
temple
dedicated
to
the
goddess
Athena
in
ancient
Greece.
It
is
the
most
important
building
of
the
classical
Greek
era
in
existence,
and
it
is
recognized
as
the
top
of
the
development
of
Doric
column.
The
decoration
of
the
statue
is
the
culmination
of
ancient
Greek
art.
In
addition,
it
is
also
revered
as
a
symbol
of
ancient
Greece
and
the
democratic
system
of
Athens.
One
of
the
famous
cultural
heritage.
In
the
past
two
centuries,
Greece
has
continued
to
repair
and
rebuild
the
temple.
The
Parthenon
Temple
is
one
of
the
important
historical
sites
of
ancient
Greek
civilization.
It
has
very
important
value
for
the
study
of
ancient
Greek
history,
architecture,
sculpture,
and
religion.
In
addition,
the
design
of
this
temple
made
him
selected
as
the
model
of
the
water
tank
guard
of
the
well-known
car
brand
Rolls
Royce.
The
temple
sits
west
to
east,
surrounded
by
46
Doric
columns,
17
on
each
side
in
the
long
side
direction
and
8
on
each
side
in
the
short
side
direction.
The
various
scales
of
the
front
façade
of
the
Parthenon
Temple
have
always
been
used
as
models
of
classical
architecture.
The
column
proportions
are
harmonious,
the
visual
correction
technology
is
skillful,
and
the
mountain
flower
carvings
are
rich
and
gorgeous.
The
whole
building
is
solemn
and
exquisite.
It
is
called
"the
highest
representation
of
human
culture"
and
"the
crown
of
world
art"
by
art
historians.
The
construction
of
this
temple
began
shortly
after
the
end
of
the
Marathon
battle
(490-88
BC).
The
design
concept
was
to
dedicate
the
temple
to
the
goddess
Athena,
and
the
colossus
of
Athena
Padnen
is
enshrined
inside.
The
project
started
on
a
large
limestone
foundation
that
extends
and
raises
the
height
of
the
southern
peak
of
the
Acropolis.
This
new
building
replaced
another
temple:
the
Hekatompedon,
commonly
known
as
Old
Padnen
(Hekatompedon,
meaning
a
thousand
wall
foundations,
enshrined
Athena
Polyas),
the
new
temple
may
be
built
on
the
old
Next
to
the
temple
(see
Old
Parthenon
Temple
for
details).
In
the
mid-fifth
century
BC,
the
Acropolis
became
the
core
of
the
Delian
League,
and
Athens
was
the
largest
cultural
center
at
that
time.
Pericles
began
to
embark
on
an
ambitious
architectural
plan
covering
almost
the
second
half
of
the
fifth
century
BC
In
modern
times,
the
most
important
buildings
that
can
be
seen
in
the
Acropolis,
such
as
the
Parthenon
Temple,
the
Propylaia,
the
Temple
of
Erechtheion,
and
the
Temple
of
Athena-Niki,
were
all
built
in
that
period.
Padernen
was
supervised
by
Phidias
and
was
responsible
for
the
carving
and
decoration.
The
architects
Ichtinos
and
Kallikratis
began
construction
in
447
BC.
The
temple
body
was
completed
in
about
432
BC,
but
the
decoration
was
at
least
to
It
was
only
completed
in
431
BC.
Some
of
Padnen’s
financial
accounts
have
survived
to
this
day,
and
it
can
be
seen
that
the
largest
single
construction
cost
is
transporting
stones
from
Pentelicus
Hill,
about
16
kilometers
away
from
Athens,
to
the
Acropolis.
Part
of
these
funds
were
drawn
from
the
treasury
of
the
Delian
League
and
sent
from
Delos
to
the
Acropolis
in
454
BC.
Although
the
neighboring
Temple
of
Hephaestus
is
the
most
complete
example
of
Doric
order
in
existence,
Padnen
was
recognized
as
the
most
outstanding.
The
British
historian
John
Julius
Norwich
once
described
the
temple
like
this:
"Appreciate
this
most
perfect
Doric
temple,
even
if
it
is
an
ancient
ruin,
its
architectural
nobility
is
legendary,
especially
the
curvature
of
the
pillar
base,
The
inwardly
tapered
walls
of
the
inner
sanctuary
and
the
subtly
curved
entasis
of
the
column
have
a
subtle
consistency.”
The
base
of
the
column
is
the
platform
on
which
the
columns
are
placed,
just
like
other
classic
Greek
temples,
it
has
a
subtle
upward-sloping
curvature.
,
Facilitate
drainage
when
it
rains.
These
pillars
seem
to
be
inclined
outwards,
but
in
fact
they
are
slightly
inclined
inwards,
and
are
curved
from
the
edge
of
the
outer
pillar
base
to
the
ceiling
in
uniform
height.
Entasis
refers
to
the
place
where
the
pillars
extend
upward
slightly.
Although
the
visual
effects
of
the
Padnen
Temple
are
considered
to
be
subtler
than
the
cigar-shaped
pillars
of
the
early
temples,
these
visual
effects
It
is
not
a
deliberate
effect.
On
the
contrary,
it
is
often
considered
to
be
more
lively
than
the
old-style
large-scale
buildings
with
straight
lines
and
lack
of
curves
at
right
angles.
In
measurement,
the
size
of
Padnen’s
foundation
is
69.5
meters
×
30.9
meters
(228.0
×
101.4
feet),
and
the
inner
sanctuary
is
29.8
meters
long
×
19.2
meters
wide
(97.8
×
63.0
feet).
Vertical
columns
support
the
roof
as
the
main
structure.
From
the
outside,
the
diameter
of
the
pillar
is
1.9
meters
(6.2
feet)
and
the
height
is
10.4
meters
(34.1
feet).
The
diameter
of
the
corner
pillars
is
slightly
larger.
For
the
beams
and
columns,
there
are
46
outside
Padnen
and
19
inside.
The
column
base
is
bent
upwards
at
the
east
and
west
ends
to
the
center
60
mm
(2.36
inches)
and
the
sides
110
mm
(4.33
inches).
The
roof
is
made
of
slabs
and
marble
tiles.
Some
studies
on
the
Acropolis
have
pointed
out
that
the
proportions
of
the
buildings
including
Padernen
are
similar
to
the
golden
ratio,
and
the
outer
wall
of
the
temple
contains
other
exterior
accessories
that
can
be
circumscribed
in
a
golden
rectangle.
As
for
whether
he
really
knew
how
to
design
with
the
golden
ratio
at
that
time,
there
are
still
many
controversies
in
the
academic
circle.
The
Parthenon
Temple
has
octostyle,
peripteral,
Doric
and
Ionic
architectural
features.
In
438
or
439
BC,
a
huge
statue
of
Athena
Padnen
carved
by
Phidias
in
gold
and
ivory
was
added
to
the
building.
In
addition,
the
stone
artifacts
of
the
temple
body
were
originally
highly
painted.
[5]
Although
the
construction
process
was
almost
completed
at
the
beginning
of
the
Peloponnesian
War
in
432
BC,
the
temple
was
dedicated
to
Athena.
In
addition,
the
roof
of
the
outer
colonnade,
the
Doric-style
metopes
on
the
frieze
and
the
Ionic
frieze
at
the
top
of
the
inner
temple
wall
were
completed
in
438
BC,
the
Padnen
Temple
The
luxury
of
the
column
walls
and
the
central
frieze
made
the
academics
believe
that
the
function
of
the
temple
was
a
vault,
and
the
room
behind
the
inner
temple
(opisthodomus)
was
placed
with
the
Delian
League
donations
led
by
Athens.
The
original
meaning
of
the
name
Parthenon
is
not
easy
to
understand.
Jeffrey
M.
Hurwit
said:
The
term
"Parthenon"
(original
Parthenon)
means
"girls"
or
"girls",
and
the
reason
seems
to
be
due
to
A
special
room
in
Padernen.
This
room
is
often
controversial.
Which
room
is
it?
Why
does
this
room
have
this
title?
One
theory
states
that
Padnen
refers
to
a
room
used
to
hold
the
Panathenaic
Festival,
in
which
the
arrephoroi
priestess
(four
young
girls
selected
to
serve
Athena
each
year)
waved
Peplos
women's
clothing
for
Athena
(original,
translation
reference
peplos
reference).
And
Christopher
Pelling
argued
that
Athena
Padnen
may
have
constituted
a
close
but
different
source
of
faith
like
Athena
Polyas.
[10]
According
to
this
theory,
the
name
Padnen
means
"the
temple
of
the
goddess
in
the
room",
and
according
to
the
ritual
of
Athena
Padnen,
this
name
is
also
related
to
this
temple.
The
origin
of
the
title
parthénos
(Greek:
παρθένος)
is
also
not
easy
to
understand.
It
originally
meant
"virgin,
unmarried
woman".
It
was
used
especially
for
Artemis,
the
hunting
and
gathering
goddess,
and
Athena,
the
war
and
warrior.
Goddess
of
craftsmanship,
or
other
practical
reasons.
In
addition,
it
was
also
suggested
that
the
name
of
the
temple
is
a
metaphor
for
the
noble
sacrifices
of
the
virgins
(parthenoi)
to
ensure
the
safety
of
the
city.
In
any
case,
the
first
example
uses
Padnen
as
the
name
of
the
entire
building.
This
clear
record
comes
from
the
fourth
century
BC
orator
Demosine.
According
to
the
architectural
account
books
of
the
previous
century,
this
building
was
simply
called
ho
neos
(temple).
Legend
has
it
that
the
architects
Mnesikles
and
Kalikratis
lost
their
documents
in
the
Athenian
architecture.
They
once
called
the
building
Hekatompedos
(Thousands
of
Walls),
and
in
the
fourth
century,
and
later,
Hekatompedos
or
Hekatompedon,
of
course
There
is
also
a
Parthenon.
The
first-century
writer
Plutarch
called
this
building
Hekatompedon
Parthenon
(The
Parthenon
of
Thousand
Walls).
In
1975,
the
Greek
government
negotiated
a
plan
to
repair
the
Parthenon
Temple
and
other
Acropolis
buildings.
This
plan
later
attracted
EU
funding
and
technical
assistance.
An
archaeological
committee
carefully
recorded
each
of
the
artifacts
that
were
still
on
the
original
site,
and
the
architects
used
computer
models
to
determine
their
original
location.
Some
of
the
earlier
reconstructions
need
to
be
corrected,
and
particularly
important
and
fragile
statues
are
moved
to
the
Acropolis
Museum.
A
crane
used
to
move
marble
blocks
is
installed;
the
crane
is
cleverly
designed
so
that
it
can
be
folded
under
the
roof
when
not
in
use
to
avoid
affecting
the
landscape.
The
wrong
reconstruction
was
cancelled,
and
careful
restoration
procedures
were
carried
out.
Initially,
various
plates
were
fixed
with
elongated
iron
"H"
nails
and
then
protected
with
lead
to
prevent
erosion.
The
nails
added
during
repairs
in
the
19th
century
were
not
protected
by
lead,
so
there
was
a
problem
of
corrosion.
Because
the
corrosive
(rust)
is
expansive,
the
marble
itself
has
bigger
cracks.
So
now
all
new
processed
metals
use
titanium,
because
titanium
is
a
strong,
light
and
corrosion
resistant
material.
In
addition,
there
is
a
complete
1:1
replica
in
Nashville,
the
United
States,
which
contains
a
respected
Athena
Paderne
colossus.
(Original)
帕特農神廟（古希臘文：Παρθενών，現代希臘文：Παρθενώνας）興建於公元前5世紀的雅典衛城，是古希臘奉祀雅典娜女神的神廟。它是現存至今最重要的古典希臘時代建築物，公認是多立克柱式發展的頂端；雕像裝飾更是古希臘藝術的頂點，此外也被尊為古希臘與雅典民主制度的象徵，是舉世聞名的文化遺產之一。近兩世紀以來，希臘對該神廟持續進行修復與重建工作。
帕德嫩神廟是古希臘文明的重要史蹟之一，對於研究古希臘的歷史、建築、雕塑、宗教等都具有非常重要的價值。另外，此神廟的造型設計使他被選為知名汽車品牌勞斯萊斯的水箱護罩的範本。
神廟坐西向東，由46根多立克柱環繞，長邊方向每邊17根，短邊方向每邊8根。
帕德嫩神廟的正立面的各種比例尺一直被作為古典建築的典範，柱式比例和諧，視覺校正技術運用純熟，山花雕刻豐富華美。整個建築既莊嚴肅穆又不失精美。被美術史家稱為「人類文化的最高表徵」、「世界美術的王冠」。
本神廟的工程始於馬拉松戰役（公元前490~88年）結束後不久，設計構想是獻給雅典娜女神的神廟，內部供奉有雅典娜·帕德嫩巨像。工程在一座寬大的石灰岩地基開工，這塊地基延伸雅典衛城南部的頂峰，提昇其高度。
這棟新建築取代了另座神廟：俗稱舊帕德嫩的赫卡托巴恩（Hekatompedon，意思是千座牆基，奉祀雅典娜·波麗亞斯），新神廟可能就蓋在舊神廟旁邊（詳見舊帕德嫩神廟）。公元前5世紀中葉，雅典衛城成為提洛同盟的核心，雅典更是當時最大的文化重鎮，伯里克利開始著手一個很有野心的建築計劃，時程幾乎涵蓋公元前5世紀的後半之多，現代在雅典衛城所能看到最重要的建築物如帕德嫩神廟、山門（Propylaia）、厄瑞克忒翁神廟、雅典娜-尼姬的神殿都是興建於那個時期。帕德嫩由菲迪亞斯監造且負責彫刻裝潢，建築師伊克蒂諾斯和卡利克拉提斯從公元前447年開始動工，廟體大約在公元前432年完成，不過裝潢至少到公元前431年才完工。有一些帕德嫩的財政帳簿留存至今，從中可知最大的單一營建成本是將石頭從距雅典約16公里遠的彭特利庫斯山運到衛城。這些資金部份提撥自提洛同盟的金庫，在公元前454年從提洛島送到衛城。
雖然鄰近的赫淮斯托斯神廟是現存最完整的多立克柱式典範，然而當年帕德嫩才是公認為最出色的。英國歷史學家John
Julius
Norwich曾如此描述神廟：「欣賞這最完美的多立克神廟，就算是古老的遺跡，其建築學上的高尚富有傳奇性，特別是柱基的曲度、逐漸向內成錐形的內殿牆壁，以及圓柱的收分曲線entasis之間微妙的一致性。」柱基是安置柱子的平台，就像其他經典的希臘神廟，它有微妙向上傾斜的曲度，下雨時利於排水。這些柱子看似向外傾斜，實際上卻是微向內傾，而且高度一致的從外層柱座邊緣彎向天花板。「柱上的微凸線」（Entasis）指的是柱子往上延伸微凸出來的地方，雖然帕德嫩神廟如此的視覺效果被認為比早期神廟的雪茄形柱微妙，但這些視覺上的精細公認不是一種刻意效果，反而常被認定比舊式大型建築直線、直角缺乏曲線的手法更活潑化。
測量上，帕德嫩的地基大小為69.5公尺×30.9公尺（228.0×101.4呎），內殿為29.8公尺長×19.2公尺寬（97.8×63.0呎），由其內部兩列的多立克式柱為主結構撐起屋頂。從外量，柱的直徑為1.9公尺（6.2呎）、高度為10.4公尺（34.1呎），角柱的直徑稍微大一些。樑柱部份，帕德嫩外有46根內有19根。柱基在東、西的末端向上彎向中央60毫米（2.36英寸）以及側邊110毫米（4.33英寸）。屋頂是以板瓦大理石磁磚鋪蓋而成。
一些對衛城的研究指出，包含帕德嫩在內的建物，其比例近似黃金比例，神廟的外牆包含其他外觀附屬品可以外接於一個黃金矩形。至於當時是不是就真的已懂用黃金比例進行設計，到目前為止學界還有很多爭議。
帕德嫩神廟有著八柱式（octostyle）、單列柱式（peripteral）、兼有多立克柱式與愛奧尼柱式建築特色。公元前438或439年，建築物裡還增添了菲迪亞斯以黃金與象牙雕成的巨大雅典娜·帕德嫩神像。此外，廟體的石造物原來都經過高度的彩繪。[5]雖然建築過程幾乎一直到公元前432年的伯羅奔尼撒戰爭開始時才完工，神廟才能獻給雅典娜。另外外部柱廊頂，中楣橫條上的多立克式排檔間飾（metopes）和內殿牆最上端的愛奧尼式中楣橫條（frieze）完工於公元前438年，帕德嫩神廟柱間壁與中楣橫條的豪華，讓學界認定神廟的功能是個金庫，在內殿後面的房間（opisthodomus）放置了雅典為首的提洛同盟獻金。
帕德嫩這個名字其原意不易了解，Jeffrey
M.
Hurwit表示：「帕德嫩」（原文Parthenon）這個術語的意思是「少女的」或是「少女們的」，而且其緣由似乎要歸因於帕德嫩裡一特殊的房間，這個房間常引起爭辯到底是哪一個房間？為什麼這個房間會有這個稱號？一個理論表示說帕德嫩指的是一個過去用來舉辦泛雅典祭（原文：Panathenaic
Festival）的房間，在裡面，arrephoroi女祭司（每年被選來侍奉雅典娜的四名年輕女孩）會揮動獻給雅典娜的佩潑洛斯女裝（原文，翻譯參考peplos參考）。
而Christopher
Pelling主張雅典娜·帕德嫩也許曾構成了像雅典娜·波麗雅斯關係密切但不同來源的信仰。[10]根據這個理論，帕德嫩這名稱意指"在室女神的神廟"，且根據雅典娜·帕德嫩的信仰祭儀，此名也跟這神廟產生了關連。parthénos
(希臘語：παρθένος)這個稱號的來源也是不易理解的，原意指「處女，未出嫁的女子」，曾特別用於阿耳忒彌斯這位狩獵與採集女神，與雅典娜這位戰爭與工藝女神，或是其他實際用途的理由。，此外也有人提議到神廟的名稱隱喻處女們（parthenoi）崇高的犧牲保證了城市的安全。
無論如何，第一個例子中把帕德嫩當作整座建築物的名稱，這明確的紀錄是來自於公元前四世紀的演說家狄摩西尼。根據再前一個世紀的建築帳簿資料，這建築只被簡單的被稱為ho
neos（神廟）。傳說建築師Mnesikles和卡利克拉提斯在他們於雅典人建築中遺失的文書，曾稱呼這建築為Hekatompedos（千牆基），而在前四世紀，以及稍晚有稱Hekatompedos或是Hekatompedon，當然也有稱帕德嫩的，西元1世紀的作家普魯塔克
把這建築稱做Hekatompedon
Parthenon（千牆基的帕德嫩）
。
1975年，希臘政府協商好修復帕德嫩神廟以及其他衛城建築的計畫，此計劃稍後就吸引了歐盟的資金與技術協助。一個考古學委員會仔細地紀錄了每個仍在原址的工藝品，建築師們透過電腦模型的協助，來確定它們的原來所在的位置。有些興建較早的重建物需要修正，特別重要且易碎的雕像則移送到雅典衛城博物館。又安裝了用作搬動大理石塊的起重機；起重機通過巧妙設計，不使用時，可以在屋頂之下摺疊收起，以免影響景觀。錯誤的重建物被取消，仔細的復原動程序開始得以進行，最初，各種各樣的板塊以瘦長的鐵製「H」型釘固定，然後再以鉛保護，以防侵蝕。在19世紀維修時增加的釘由於沒用鉛加以保護，於是出現了侵蝕的問題，由於腐蝕物（鐵鏽）具膨脹性，令大理石本身的裂縫更大。所以現在所有新的加工金屬使用了鈦，因為鈦是種強硬、輕便和抗腐蝕的材料。
另外，在美國的納許維爾有一座完整1:1的複製品，裡面有著一尊重製的雅典娜·帕德嫩巨像。
