5/5 caesar w. 3 years ago on Google
(Translated
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The
Forbidden
City,
the
Forbidden
City,
was
the
palace
of
24
emperors
in
the
Ming
and
Qing
Dynasties.
The
Forbidden
City
was
built
in
the
4th
year
of
Yongle
(1406)
and
the
18th
year
of
Yongle
(1420).
It
is
located
in
the
center
of
Beijing’s
central
axis.
It
covers
an
area
of
720,000
square
meters
and
a
building
area
of
approximately
150,000
square
meters.
The
largest
palace-shaped
building
in
existence.
The
Forbidden
City
of
Beijing
is
one
of
the
first
batch
of
national
key
cultural
relics
protection
units
and
the
first
batch
of
national
5A-level
tourist
attractions.
It
was
selected
into
the
"World
Cultural
Heritage"
list
in
1987.
The
Forbidden
City
is
now
the
Palace
Museum,
and
its
collections
are
mainly
based
on
the
collections
of
the
Ming
and
Qing
dynasties;
it
is
a
national
first-class
museum,
and
is
known
as
the
world's
top
five
museums
along
with
the
Hermitage
Museum
in
Russia,
the
Louvre
Museum
in
France,
the
Metropolitan
Museum
in
the
United
States,
and
the
British
Museum
in
the
United
Kingdom
.
In
the
early
Ming
Dynasty,
the
capital
was
set
in
Yingtianfu,
Nanjing.
During
the
Jianwen
period,
the
king
of
Yan
Zhu
Di
raised
troops
from
Beiping
to
initiate
the
change
of
Jingnan.
In
the
first
year
of
Yongle
(1403),
Zhu
Di
issued
an
edict
to
change
Peiping
to
Beijing.
From
the
first
year
to
the
third
year
of
Yongle,
many
people
were
ordered
to
move
into
Beijing
from
various
places.
In
July
of
the
fifth
year
of
Yongle,
Zhu
Di
issued
an
edict
to
build
the
Forbidden
City.
Presided
over
the
construction
project
is
Taining
Hou
Chengui,
Ministry
of
Engineering
Minister
Wu
Zhong,
Criminal
Ministry
servant
Zhang
Sigong,
and
designer
Cai
Xin.
Famous
craftsmen
such
as
mason
Lu
Xiang,
bricklayer
Yang
Qing,
etc.
and
a
large
number
of
craftsmen
arrived
in
Beijing
in
May
of
the
fifth
year
of
Yongle.
The
construction
of
the
Forbidden
City
and
the
transformation
of
Beijing
were
carried
out
at
the
same
time,
and
the
reconstruction
was
based
on
the
original
Yuanta
Metropolis.
Soon
after
the
start
of
the
Forbidden
City
project,
it
was
slowed
down
by
the
construction
of
Changling
and
the
two
northern
expeditions
to
Mongolia
in
the
eighth
and
eleventh
year
of
Yongle.
In
the
18th
year
of
Yongle
(1420),
the
Forbidden
City
was
completed
in
December.
On
the
first
day
of
the
first
month
of
the
19th
year
of
Yongle
(1421),
the
relocation
of
the
capital
to
Yongle
was
completed;
in
May
of
the
same
year,
it
was
struck
by
lightning
and
a
fire
broke
out.
The
first
three
halls
were
burned
down.
In
1440
(orthodox
five
years),
the
first
three
halls
and
Qianqing
Palace
were
rebuilt.
In
1459
(the
third
year
of
Tianshun),
Xiyuan
was
built.
In
1557
(the
thirty-sixth
year
of
Jiajing),
the
Forbidden
City
was
on
fire.
The
first
three
halls,
Fengtian
Gate,
Wenwu
Building,
and
Wumen
were
all
burned
down.
It
was
not
until
1561
that
they
were
completely
rebuilt.
In
the
twenty-fifth
year
of
Wanli
(1597),
the
Forbidden
City
was
on
fire,
which
destroyed
the
first
three
halls
and
the
back
three
palaces.
The
reconstruction
project
was
not
completed
until
the
seventh
year
of
Tianqi
(1627).
In
the
17th
year
of
Chongzhen
(1644),
Li
Zicheng's
army
captured
Beijing
and
the
Ming
Dynasty
fell.
Not
long
after,
Wu
Sangui,
the
commander-in-chief
of
Shanhaiguan
of
the
Ming
Dynasty,
led
Qing
troops
into
the
customs
and
defeated
Li
Zicheng.
Li
Zicheng
burned
the
Forbidden
City
before
retreating
to
Shaanxi.
In
the
same
year,
the
Emperor
Shunzhi
of
the
Qing
Dynasty
came
to
Beijing
and
took
Huangjimen
as
the
place
of
the
permanent
dynasty,
and
the
unburnt
Jianji
Hall
as
the
educating
palace
as
the
palace
of
Shunzhi
Emperor;
Dorgon,
the
regent,
worked
in
the
Wuying
Hall.
From
the
first
year
of
Shunzhi
to
the
14th
year
of
Shunzhi,
the
first
three
halls
of
Wumen,
Tiananmen,
and
Waichao
were
rebuilt,
Weiyu
Palace
was
restored
to
Jianji
Hall,
and
renamed
Baohe
Hall;
the
buildings
of
the
Inner
Court,
East
Road,
and
West
Road
were
renovated.
Duanmen
was
rebuilt
in
Kangxi
six
years.
In
the
22nd
year
of
Kangxi
(1683),
partial
reconstruction
of
the
remaining
destroyed
buildings
in
the
Forbidden
City
began.
In
the
thirteenth
year
of
Yongzheng
(1735),
Emperor
Gaozong
(Emperor
Qianlong)
of
the
Qing
Dynasty
came
to
the
throne.
In
the
following
sixty
years,
large-scale
expansion
and
reconstruction
of
the
Forbidden
City
were
made.
In
the
eighteenth
year
of
Jiaqing
(1813),
Tianli
believer
Lin
Qing
led
the
congregation
to
attack
the
Forbidden
City.
In
the
fourteenth
year
of
Guangxu
(1886),
a
fire
broke
out
in
the
guard
duty
room
of
the
Taihemen
Guarding
Army.
Due
to
imperfect
fire-fighting
facilities,
the
fire
burned
for
two
days.
Zhendumen,
Taihemen,
and
Zhaode
Hall
were
burned.
The
damage
was
not
repaired
until
the
20th
year
of
Guangxu.
In
the
first
year
of
the
Republic
of
China
(1912),
Qing
emperor
Puyi
still
lived
in
the
palace
after
his
abdication.
On
November
5
of
the
thirteenth
year
of
the
Republic
of
China
(1924),
Huang
Yun's
regent's
cabinet
announced
the
amendment
to
Article
5
of
the
preferential
treatment
conditions
for
the
Qing
Dynasty,
abolished
the
emperor's
title,
and
asked
Puyi
to
leave
the
palace.
Government
representative
Li
Yuying,
commander
of
the
Beijing
Division’s
guard
Lu
Zhonglin,
and
police
chief
Zhang
Bi
took
over
the
palace
on
the
6th
and
sealed
the
cultural
relics.
After
being
approved
by
the
Cabinet
of
Regents,
and
after
one
year
of
finishing,
the
Palace
Museum
was
formally
established
and
opened
on
the
14th
National
Day
of
the
Republic
of
China
(October
10,
1925).
(Original)
北京故宮，即紫禁城，是明清兩朝二十四位皇帝的皇宮。故宮始建於明成祖永樂四年（1406年），永樂十八年（1420年）落成；位於北京中軸線的中心，占地面積72萬平方米，建築面積約15萬平方米，為世界上現存規模最大的宮殿型建築。北京故宮是第一批全國重點文物保護單位、第一批國家5A級旅遊景區，1987年入選《世界文化遺產》名錄。故宮現為故宮博物院，藏品主要以明、清兩代宮廷收藏為基礎；是國家一級博物館，與俄羅斯埃米塔什博物館、法國羅浮宮、美國大都會博物館、英國大英博物館並稱為世界五大博物館。
明初定都於南京應天府。建文年間，燕王朱棣自北平起兵，發動靖難之變。永樂元年（1403年），朱棣頒詔改北平為北京。從永樂元年至三年，多次下令從各地遷入人口至北京。永樂五年閏七月，朱棣頒詔開始營建紫禁城。主持營建工程為泰寧候陳珪、工部侍郎吳中、刑部侍郎張思恭、設計師蔡信。著名的工匠如石工陸祥、瓦工楊青等以及大量工匠，在永樂五年五月到達北京。建造紫禁城和改造北京是同時進行的，以原來的元大都城為基礎改建。紫禁城工程開始後不久，即受到長陵建設及永樂八年、十一年兩次北伐蒙古戰役影響而放慢，至永樂十六年六月方才開始重新開工。
永樂十八年（1420年）十二月紫禁城完工。永樂十九年（1421年）正月初一，永樂遷都完成；同年五月遭雷擊，發生大火，前三殿被焚毀。1440年（正統五年），重建前三殿及乾清宮。1459年（天順三年），營建西苑。1557年（嘉靖三十六年），紫禁城大火，前三殿、奉天門、文武樓、午門全部被焚毀，至1561年才全部重建完工。萬曆二十五年（1597年），紫禁城大火，焚毀前三殿、後三宮。復建工程直至天啟七年（1627年）方完工。
崇禎十七年（1644年），李自成軍攻陷北京，明朝滅亡。未幾，明朝山海關總兵吳三桂引清兵入關，擊敗李自成；李自成向陝西撤退前焚毀紫禁城，僅武英殿、建極殿、英華殿、南薰殿、四周角樓和皇極門未焚。同年清順治帝至北京，以皇極門為常朝場所，以未被焚毀的建極殿為位育宮，作為順治帝寢宮；攝政王多爾袞在武英殿辦公。順治元年至順治十四年，重建了午門、天安門、外朝前三殿，將位育宮恢復為建極殿，改名為保和殿；又整修內廷、東路、和西路的建築。康熙六年重建端門。康熙二十二年(1683年），開始部分重建紫禁城其餘被毀建築。雍正十三年（1735年），清高宗（乾隆帝）即位，此後六十年間對紫禁城大規模增建和改建。嘉慶十八年（1813年），天理教徒林清率教眾攻打紫禁城。光緒十四年（1886年）太和門護軍值班室發生火災，由於救火設施不完善，大火燒了兩天，貞度門、太和門、昭德殿被焚。此次損壞直到光緒二十年才修復完畢。
民國元年（1912年）清帝溥儀退位後仍居於宮內。至民國十三年（1924年）十一月五日，黃郛攝政內閣公布修正清室優待條件第五條，廢除皇帝尊號，請廢帝溥儀出宮。政府代表李煜瀛、京師警衛司令鹿鍾麟、警察總監張璧，於六日接管皇宮，封存文物。後經攝政內閣核准，經一年之整理，故宮博物院於民國十四年國慶節（1925年10月10日）正式成立開幕。
