5/5 mircea O. 1 year ago on Google
The
Eastern
Bloc
portrayed
the
Wall
as
protecting
its
population
from
fascist
elements
conspiring
to
prevent
the
"will
of
the
people"
from
building
a
socialist
state
in
East
Germany.
GDR
authorities
officially
referred
to
the
Berlin
Wall
as
the
Anti-Fascist
Protection
Rampart
(German:
Antifaschistischer
Schutzwall,
pronounced
[antifaˌʃɪstɪʃɐ
ˈʃʊt͡sval]
(listen)).
The
West
Berlin
city
government
sometimes
referred
to
it
as
the
"Wall
of
Shame",
a
term
coined
by
mayor
Willy
Brandt
in
reference
to
the
Wall's
restriction
on
freedom
of
movement.[4]
Along
with
the
separate
and
much
longer
Inner
German
border
(IGB),
which
demarcated
the
border
between
East
and
West
Germany,
it
came
to
symbolize
physically
the
"Iron
Curtain"
that
separated
Western
Europe
and
the
Eastern
Bloc
during
the
Cold
War.[5]
Before
the
Wall's
erection,
3.5
million
East
Germans
circumvented
Eastern
Bloc
emigration
restrictions
and
defected
from
the
GDR,
many
by
crossing
over
the
border
from
East
Berlin
into
West
Berlin;
from
there
they
could
then
travel
to
West
Germany
and
to
other
Western
European
countries.
Between
1961
and
1989,
the
Wall
prevented
almost
all
such
emigration.[6]
During
this
period,
over
100,000[7]
people
attempted
to
escape,
and
over
5,000
people
succeeded
in
escaping
over
the
Wall,
with
an
estimated
death
toll
ranging
from
136[8]
to
more
than
200[5][9]
in
and
around
Berlin.
In
1989,
a
series
of
revolutions
in
nearby
Eastern
Bloc
countries—in
Poland
and
Hungary
in
particular—caused
a
chain
reaction
in
East
Germany.[10]
In
particular,
the
Pan-European
Picnic
in
August
1989
set
in
motion
a
peaceful
development
during
which
the
Iron
Curtain
largely
broke,
the
rulers
in
the
East
came
under
pressure,
the
Berlin
Wall
fell
and
finally
the
Eastern
Bloc
fell
apart.[11][12][13]
After
several
weeks
of
civil
unrest,
the
East
German
government
announced
on
9
November
1989
that
all
GDR
citizens
could
visit
West
Germany
and
West
Berlin.
Crowds
of
East
Germans
crossed
and
climbed
onto
the
Wall,
joined
by
West
Germans
on
the
other
side
in
a
celebratory
atmosphere.
Over
the
next
few
weeks,
the
likes
of
souvenir
hunters
chipped
away
parts
of
the
Wall.[5]
The
Brandenburg
Gate,
a
few
meters
from
the
Berlin
Wall,
was
opened
on
22
December
1989.
The
demolition
of
the
Wall
officially
began
on
13
June
1990
and
was
completed
in
1994.[1]
The
"fall
of
the
Berlin
Wall"
paved
the
way
for
German
reunification,
which
formally
took
place
on
3
October
1990.[5]